1. Allah’s Absolute Sovereignty

• Implication: Allah’s will is supreme and encompasses everything in existence.
  • The Qur’an affirms: “Indeed, His command is only when He intends a thing that He says to it, ‘Be,’ and it is.” (Qur’an 36:82).
• This highlights Allah’s omnipotence and that nothing happens in creation outside His will. Every event, large or small, is within Allah’s knowledge and control.

2. Two Types of Divine Will
Islamic scholars differentiate between two aspects of Allah’s will:

• Irāda Kawniyyah (Universal Will):
  • Refers to Allah’s will that governs all aspects of existence, whether good or evil, as part of His divine plan.
  • Implication: Events like natural disasters or the actions of humans are willed by Allah as part of His overarching plan, even if they are not pleasing to Him.
• Irāda Shar‘iyyah (Legislative Will):
  • Refers to Allah’s will for what He commands and approves, such as acts of worship and moral behavior.
  • Implication: Allah wills for humans to act righteously, but they are given the choice to comply or deviate, which introduces accountability.

3. Free Will and Human esponsibility

• While Allah’s will is absolute, humans are granted limited free will to choose between obedience and disobedience:
  

  “Whoever wills – let him believe; and whoever wills – let him disbelieve.” (Qur’an 18:29).

• Implication: Human actions are subject to Allah’s permission but are freely chosen by individuals. This establishes the foundation for accountability on the Day of Judgment.

4. Predestination (Qadar) and Justice

• Allah’s will is intricately tied to qadar, or predestination, which affirms that everything is preordained:
  

  “Indeed, all things We created with predestination.” (Qur’an 54:49).

• Implication: While Allah’s foreknowledge and decree encompass all outcomes, His justice ensures that individuals are only judged for choices made with their free will. This balance addresses concerns about fairness and moral responsibility.