The key differences between Islamic and Western approaches to governance often stem from their distinct historical, cultural, and philosophical foundations:

1. Source of Authority:
   • Islamic Governance: Rooted in religious principles derived from the Quran and Hadith (the sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad). Islamic governance often seeks to implement Sharia (Islamic law) as a central component of legal and moral guidance.
   • Western Governance: Typically secular, deriving its authority from democratic principles, constitutions, and legal frameworks that separate religion from state affairs. Western governance is often based on Enlightenment ideals such as individual rights and rationalism.
2. Law and Legislation:
   • Islamic Governance: Legal systems are influenced by religious texts and traditions. Sharia law governs not only personal but also public aspects of life, including criminal justice, family law, and social contracts.
   • Western Governance: Legal systems are usually based on secular laws and principles. They prioritize individual freedoms and rights, with laws created and enforced through democratic processes.
3. Role of Religion:
   • Islamic Governance: Religion is intertwined with state affairs, and political leaders may be expected to uphold and promote Islamic values.
   • Western Governance: Religion and state are generally separated, with a focus on ensuring freedom of religion and pluralism within a secular framework.
4. Political Structure:
   • Islamic Governance: Can range from theocratic systems where religious leaders hold significant authority, to more contemporary forms where Islamic principles influence governance but with modern political structures.
   • Western Governance: Often features democratic institutions such as elected parliaments and presidents, with a focus on representative democracy and rule of law.
5. Rights and Freedoms:
   • Islamic Governance: While emphasizing community welfare and moral conduct based on religious teachings, there may be limits on certain freedoms to align with Islamic values.
   • Western Governance: Generally emphasizes individual rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, religion, and press, with a focus on protecting personal liberties.

These differences highlight how religious and secular frameworks shape governance, impacting laws, rights, and the relationship between state and religion.