interpretations across different schools of thought and disciplines:

*Quranic Concept:*

1. Nafs al-Amara (Commanding Self): Inclines towards evil (Quran 12:53).

2. Nafs al-Lawwama (Blaming Self): Recognizes and regrets sins (Quran 75:2).

3. Nafs al-Mutma’inna (Tranquil Self): Achieves inner peace and contentment (Quran 89:27).

*Sufi Interpretations:*

1. Nafs al-Hayawaniyya (Animal Self): Driven by base desires.

2. Nafs al-Insaniyya (Human Self): Balanced, rational, and spiritual.

3. Nafs al-Qudsiyya (Sacred Self): Purified, enlightened, and close to Allah.

*Philosophical Perspectives:*

1. Al-Ghazali: Nafs as the heart, seat of emotions and intentions.

2. Ibn Sina (Avicenna): Nafs as the rational soul.

3. Ibn Rushd (Averroes): Nafs as the material and spiritual aspects of human nature.

*Jurisprudential Views:*

1. Hanafi School: Nafs as the individual’s responsibility.

2. Shafi’i School: Nafs as the source of human actions.

3. Hanbali School: Nafs as the seat of faith and intention.

*Psychological Understandings:*

1. Nafs as the subconscious mind.

2. Nafs as the ego and self-identity.

3. Nafs as the emotional and cognitive aspects of human nature.

*Key Hadiths:*

– “The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, ‘Your Nafs is your greatest enemy.’” (Tirmidhi)

– “The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, ‘He who knows himself, knows Allah.’” (Bukhari)

*Influence on Islamic Thought:*

1. Self-purification and spiritual growth.

2. Ethics and moral responsibility.

3. Psychology and human nature.

4. Sufism and mysticism.

5. Philosophy and theology.

Understanding Nafs is crucial for personal development, spiritual growth, and navigating human nature in Islamic thought.

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