In Islamic thought, Jihad is interpreted in several ways:

1. Spiritual Jihad (Greater Jihad): The personal struggle to improve oneself morally and spiritually.

2. Social Jihad: Working for justice, welfare, and positive change within society.

3. Defensive Jihad: Protecting the faith and community if threatened.

4. Offensive Jihad (less common and historically debated): Expanding or defending the Islamic state under certain conditions, as guided by strict rules and often by state authority.

Most interpretations emphasize peace, self-improvement, and defense rather than aggression.