Islamic law (Sharia) approaches capital punishment and criminal justice through the following principles:

*Objectives of Sharia:*

1. Protection of life (nafs)

2. Protection of property (mal)

3. Protection of dignity (ird)

4. Protection of religion (din)

*Capital Punishment (Qisas and Hudud):*

1. Qisas (retribution): Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth.

2. Hudud (boundaries): Punishments for specific crimes (e.g., adultery, theft).

*Crimes Punishable by Death:*

1. Murder (qatl)

2. Apostasy (ridda)

3. Adultery (zina)

4. Blasphemy (sabb al-nabi)

5. Highway robbery (qat’ al-tariq)

*Conditions for Capital Punishment:*

1. Intentional act (qasd)

2. Clear evidence (bayyina)

3. Witness testimony (shahada)

4. Confession (iqrar)

*Alternative Punishments:*

1. Diya (blood money)

2. Ta’zir (discretionary punishment)

*Criminal Justice Principles:*

1. Presumption of innocence (bara’a)

2. Right to fair trial (muhakama)

3. Protection from false accusation (tuhma)

4. Prohibition of torture (ta’dhib)

*Schools of Thought:*

1. Hanafi: Emphasizes rehabilitation.

2. Shafi’i: Emphasizes punishment.

3. Maliki: Emphasizes community protection.

4. Hanbali: Emphasizes strict adherence to Quran and Hadith.

*Contemporary Debates:*

1. Compatibility with human rights.

2. Application in modern contexts.

3. Role of discretionary punishment.

4. Reforms and amendments.

*Notable Jurists:*

1. Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

2. Ibn Qudama

3. Al-Ghazali

4. Ibn Taymiyya

*Key Texts:*

1. Quran (Surahs 5, 17, 24)

2. Hadith collections (Bukhari, Muslim)

3. Fiqh texts (Al-Muwatta, Al-Umm)

Islamic law aims to balance justice, compassion, and deterrence, emphasizing the protection of life, property, and dignity.

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