In an Islamic state, Islamic law (Sharia) outlines specific rights and responsibilities for non-Muslims. These are often derived from historical precedents and Islamic jurisprudence:
1. Protection and Safety:
Non-Muslims are generally guaranteed protection under Islamic law. This includes safety from harm and protection of their property and religious practices.
2. Freedom of Religion:
Non-Muslims are typically allowed to practice their own religions and maintain their places of worship. However, there might be some restrictions depending on the specific Islamic tradition or interpretation.
3. Jizyah Tax:
Historically, non-Muslims living in an Islamic state were required to pay a tax known as jizyah. This tax was a form of protection tax in exchange for exemption from military service and certain other obligations.
4. Legal Rights:
Non-Muslims often have the right to resolve personal disputes, such as family matters, according to their own laws or customs. However, in some cases, disputes might be settled under Islamic law if both parties agree.
5. Equality Before the Law:
In many Islamic states, non-Muslims are subject to the same civil laws as Muslims, though there may be different rules for personal status issues.
6. Restrictions on Public Behavior:
There may be limitations on public behavior, such as dress codes or public expressions of their religion, especially in more conservative or traditional societies.
The specifics can vary significantly depending on the historical context, the particular school of Islamic jurisprudence in use, and the current legal and political environment of the state.